Plasma glucose, commonly known as blood sugar, is a primary energy source for the body's cells and is critical for normal bodily function. It is particularly important for brain function, as the brain primarily uses glucose for energy. Maintaining stable blood glucose levels is vital for overall health, as it ensures a continuous energy supply to the body's tissues and organs. The body tightly regulates these levels through hormones like insulin and glucagon.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood glucose, can occur due to various factors such as excessive insulin production, insufficient dietary intake, or certain medical conditions. Hypoglycemia can lead to symptoms like dizziness, sweating, confusion, shaking, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness or seizures. Chronic low blood glucose can be particularly harmful to the brain and can impair cognitive function and nervous system health.
Hyperglycemia, or high blood glucose, is commonly associated with diabetes when the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin (Type 1 Diabetes) or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces (Type 2 Diabetes). Persistent hyperglycemia can lead to serious complications, including kidney damage, nerve damage, heart disease, and vision problems. It can cause symptoms like frequent urination, increased thirst, fatigue, and blurred vision. The diuretic effect can potentially lead to the loss of electrolytes like sodium and potassium, affecting their balance in the body.
To maintain healthy blood glucose levels:
Adopt a balanced diet that includes complex carbohydrates, fiber, lean proteins, and healthy fats while limiting refined sugars and processed foods.
Engage in regular physical activity, as exercise helps improve insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake by the body's cells.
If you have diabetes, work closely with your healthcare provider to monitor your blood glucose levels and manage your condition through medication, diet, and lifestyle changes.
Be aware of the symptoms of both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and take appropriate action if you experience them, such as adjusting your food intake or seeking medical attention when necessary.
Blood Glucose can be measured in: mg/100mL, mg/dL, mg/L, mg%, mmol/L, µg/mL, µmol/L
Reference ranges represent typical values for healthy individuals. Your healthcare provider must interpret your specific results.
| Age Range | Gender | Unit | Optimal | Normal | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All ages | All genders | mmol/L | - | 3.5 - 5.6 | Güemes, 2016 |
The most basic and commonly measured indicator of blood sugar regulation. It measures the level of glucose in blood after an overnight fast. Persistent high fasting glucose levels are indicative of diabetes or prediabetes.[Mouri, 2023]
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Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, thereby lowering blood glucose levels. This interaction is critical for maintaining energy homeostasis and disruptions can lead to diabetes mellitus.[Sonksen, 2000][Saltiel, 2001]
HbA1c, or glycated hemoglobin, forms when blood glucose binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. This process reflects average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months and is used as a biomarker for long-term glucose control in diabetic patients.[Nathan, 2007][Sherwani, 2016]
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